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Cat Print In The News

What Makes Felines Lose Their Hair?

Everyone who's owned a cat knows that they constantly shed fur. Sometimes, various health issues can cause them to shed more hair than normal. Serious underlying conditions can cause this hair loss which is known as alopecia. All owners need to be concerned if they notice that their cat is losing hair or developing bald spots. You'll find that hair loss in felines falls into one of two main categories, pruritic and non-pruritic. Itchy skin is a symptom of pruritic hair loss, so cats often start biting, chewing, and licking themselves. Cats with non-pruritic hair loss often don't have itchy skin, but the affected area can be painful.

Pruritic hair loss is usually caused by allergic reactions. Felines have them in much the same way people do. can cause a dermatitis that causes your pet to frantically scratch and bite himself trying to eradicate the itching. You should provide your cat with medication on a periodic basis that prevents insect problems. Switching brands of food may cause an allergic reaction. Your cat may also have one because of pollen, dust, or other irritants.

Ringworm is a fungus which can affect felines. This contagious fungus can easily cause hair loss if you don't spot it early. Circular lesions are a common sign that your cat has ringworm. If you visit your vet, he may give you an anti-fungal cream with which to treat the ringworm. If you don't get your cat treatment, then the condition won't go away on its on for about three months.

Other causes for feline hair loss include stress, dry skin, an abscess, a traumatic surgery or injury, Cushing's disease, and hyperthyroidism. Some cats are prone to feline symmetrical alopecia because of their hormones. This condition can usually be treated with hormone injections. If you don't know what's causing the hair loss, don't try to treat the condition on your own. Your vet will be able to prescribe the proper type of treatment for specific problems. Doc No.kslhwde-sdtlgh

Kristie Brown writes on a variety of topics from health to technology. Check out her websites on how to get rid of heartburn and causes of heartburn

Questions about Cat Print

I need a little help using functions in python?

So what I want to do is have the main program running, and then when certain criteria are met, a function is run. Up to that point, I'm fine. But how do I modify values in the function, and then use those modified values back out in the main program, or in another function? Here's a dumb little example of what I mean:

cats = 1 # define original number of cats

def addcat(): # define the addcats function
cats += 1 # add a cat

addcats() # run the addcats function
print cats # print the number of cats. I want this to now print 2 cats.

Now this code will run into an error on the fourth line (cats += 1) because cats isn't defined in the function. Can someone please give me an example as to how I can get something like the above code to work the way I'm trying to describe? Or is what I'm trying to do impossible?

If my explanation of what I want isn't good enough, I'll try to explain it better.

Crap. I wrote a long explanation for this, and then I realized I had misread what you were doing and solved a different (but related) problem.

Yes, if you want to do that, cats must be a global variable. And you also have to tell the addcat() function that it actually is a global variable. The way you might write it is:

cat = 1

def addcat():
. . . . . global cats
. . . . . cats += 1

addcat() # cats == 2

This tells the interpreter that cats is a global variable and it will look in the global scope for the value. Obviously, to do it this way, the variable cats has to be in the global scope, with is to say it's not in any function, loop, or "if" block, and is (hopefully) at the top of your program.

But that's not the preferred method. Global variables are often forces of Evil. Use them when they're not a part of any function, and don't use them when you don't have to. Another way to write it would be:

cats = 1

def addcat(c):
. . . . . return c + 1

cats = addcat(cats) # cats == 2

That's what you would use in most cases.

Now if you want a lecture on mutable and immutable types, passing references by value, and...yeah, you don't. But since I already wrote it, and your question is answered, here's some bonus points if you're interested. (Otherwise, stop reading now.)
-------------------------------

In Python, there are basically two kinds of variable types, "mutable" and "immutable" variables. Integers and strings are examples of immutable types. Lists and dictionaries are mutable.

The difference between the two is that mutable variables can change without reassigning the variable. Immutable variables cannot. For instance, if you say:

li = [1,2,3,4,5]

...then li refers to a list of numbers. In Python, you could either reassign the variable li to point to something else, like a string or a single integer. That's called reassignment. Alternatively, you could change the list itself (for instance, by adding or removing an element from the list). If you do that, then li refers to the same list, but now the list is different.

On the other hand, so you have:

x = 5

...in which case, x "refers" to the number 5. x can be reassigned to refer to a list, or a dictionary, or any other number, which is fine. But the number 5 itself can't be changed. It's always the number greater than 4 and less than 6. (I suppose if you were an almighty deity, you might be able to change it, but we are mere mortals.) When you do something like:

x = 5
x += 1

...you're not changing the value of 5, you're changing the value of x.

But you can't do that in a function call in Python. Everything is passed by value (and for objects, those values are references....see Wikipedia on the subject if you want more on that). A variable passed as an argument always refers to the same thing after the function call as it does before.

Here are some examples. (And I apologize for this site's inability to properly indent.)

>>> def add_stuff_to_list(li):
. . . . . . . . li.append("stuff")
>>> mylist = ["the", "same"]
>>> add_stuff_to_list(mylist)
>>> mylist
['the', 'same', 'stuff']
>>> def totally_change_stuff(li):
. . . . . . . . li = ["it","is","different"]
>>> totally_change_stuff(mylist)
>>> mylist
['the', 'same', 'stuff']
>>> def add100(x):
. . . . . . . . x = x + 100
>>> number = 5
>>> add100(number)
>>> number
5

In the function "add_stuff", the function changes the actual value of the list that it recieves (by adding "stuff" to the end), but doesn't reassign the variable. That works. In the function "totally_change_stuff", it tries to reassign the variable to a completely new list. That doesn't work, because when the function terminates, the variable that was passed to it still refers to the same list from before. In the function add100, the += operator counts as a reassignment, because you're saying that x refers to the number 105 now, instead of 5.

Generally speaking, you can tell when this is happening if a function tries to do something like "x = newvalue" when x is one of its arguments. And it is *always* the case that a function will *never* change the value of integers, strings, and doubles (and maybe some others I'm forgetting) that you pass to it.

...side note: I try to push Python on everyone, so apologies if I'm over-eager. It's a great language.

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